Sony Music Entertainment
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| Type | Subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America |
|---|---|
| Industry | Music & entertainment |
| Genre | Various |
| Predecessor | American Record Corporation (1929-1938) Columbia/CBS Records (1938-1991) Sony Music (1991-2004, 2008-present) Sony BMG (2004-2008) |
| Founded | 1929 |
| Headquarters | New York, NY, United States |
| Key people | Rolf Schmidt-Holtz (CEO) Kevin Kelleher (CFO) |
| Products | Music & entertainment |
| Revenue |  2.2% $3.9 billion (USD 2008)[1] |
| Parent | Sony Corporation of America |
| Website | www.sonymusic.com |
Sony Music Entertainment (or Sony Music) is the second-largest global recorded music company of the "big four" record companies and is controlled by Sony Corporation of America.
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History
The company, which evolved into Sony Music, was founded in 1929 as the American Record Corporation (ARC) through the merger of several smaller record companies. In the depths of the Great Depression, the Columbia Phonograph Company (founded in 1888) in the U.S. (including its Okeh Records subsidiary) was acquired by ARC in 1934. ARC was acquired in 1938 by the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) (which itself had been formed by the Columbia Phonograph Company, but then sold off). RCA Victor Records executive Ted Wallerstein convinced CBS head William S. Paley to buy ARC and Paley made Wallerstein head of the newly acquired record company.[2] CBS made Columbia its flagship label with Okeh its subsidiary label while deemphasizing ARC's other labels. CBS founded Epic Records in 1953.
In 1958, CBS founded another label, Date Records, which initially issued rockabilly music.[3]
In 1960, Columbia/CBS began negotiations with its main international distributor Philips Records with the goal of CBS starting its own international record company.[4] CBS only had the rights to the Columbia name in North America. The Columbia Phonograph Company had international subsidiaries and affiliates such as the Columbia Graphophone Company in the United Kingdom, but they were sold off prior to CBS acquiring American Columbia, therefore the international arm founded in 1961 and launched in 1962 utilized the "CBS Records" name only.[5] CBS' Mexican record company, Discos Columbia, was renamed Discos CBS by 1963.[6]
In 1964, CBS established its own UK distribution with the acquisition of Oriole Records.[7]
In 1966, CBS reorganized its corporate structure which made CBS Records a separate unit of CBS run by Clive Davis.[8]
Also in 1966, the Date subsidiary label was repurposed mainly for the soul music outlet. This label released the first string of hits for Peaches & Herb. Date's biggest success was Time Of The Season by The Zombies, peaking at #2 in 1969. The label was discontinued in 1972.
Epic distributed Ode Records between 1967 and 1969 and between 1976 and 1979.
In March 1968, CBS and Sony formed CBS/Sony Records, a Japanese business joint venture.[9] With Sony being one of the developers behind the compact disc digital music media, a compact disc production plant was constructed in Japan under the joint venture, allowing CBS to begin supplying some of the first compact disc releases for the American market in 1983.[10]
In 1970 CBS Records revived the Embassy Records imprint in UK and Europe, which had been defunct since CBS had taken control of Embassy's parent company, Oriole, in 1964. The purpose of the revived Embassy imprint was to release budget reissues of albums that had originally been released in the United States on Columbia Records (or its subsidiaries).[11] Many albums, by artists as diverse as Andy Williams, Johnny Cash, Barbra Streisand, The Byrds, Tammy Wynette, Laura Nyro and Sly & the Family Stone were issued on Embassy,[12] before the label was once again discontinued in 1980.[13]
The CBS Records Group was led very successfully by Clive Davis until his shock dismissal in 1972 along with that of Director of Artist Relations David Wynshaw, after it was discovered that Davis has used CBS funds to finance his personal life, including an expensive bar mitzvah party for his son. He was replaced first by former head Goddard Lieberson then by the colourful and controversial lawyer Walter Yetnikoff, who led the company until his dismissal in 1990.
In the 1980s to early 90's there was a CBS imprint label in the US known as CBS Associated Records. Tony Martell, veteran CBS and Epic Records A&R Vice President was head of this label and signed artists including Ozzy Osbourne, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, Electric Light Orchestra, Joan Jett, and Henry Lee Summer. This label was a part of (Epic/Portrait/Associated) wing of sub labels at CBS which shared the same national and regional staff as the rest of Epic Records and was a part of the full CBS Records worldwide distribution system.
On November 17, 1987, the Sony Corporation of America acquired CBS Records, which hosted such act as Michael Jackson, for US$2 billion. CBS Inc., now CBS Corporation, retained the rights to the CBS name for music recordings but granted Sony a temporary license to use the CBS name. CBS Corporation founded a new CBS Records in 2006.
Birth of Sony Music Entertainment
Sony renamed the record company Sony Music Entertainment (SME) on January 1, 1991, fulfilling the terms set under the 1988 buyout, which granted only a transitional license to the CBS trademark.[14] The CBS Associated label was renamed Epic Associated.[15] Also on January 1, 1991, to replace the CBS label, Sony reintroduced the Columbia label worldwide, which it previously held in the United States and Canada only, after it acquired the international rights to the trademark from EMI in 1990.[14] Japan is the only country where Sony does not have rights to the Columbia name as it is controlled by Columbia Music Entertainment, an unrelated company. Thus, until this day, Sony Music Japan does not use the Columbia trademark for Columbia label recordings from outside Japan which are issued in Japan. The Columbia Records trademark was also controlled in Spain by another company, Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG), which Sony Music subsequently obtained through the 2004 merger, and later through the 2008 buyout, of BMG.
Sony BMG: Joint venture with Bertelsmann
In August 2004, Sony entered into a 50-50 joint venture with Bertelsmann by merging Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to form Sony BMG Music Entertainment. BMG can trace its ancestry to Berliner Gramophone. However Sony continued to operate its Japanese music business independently from Sony BMG (while BMG Japan was made part of the merger).
Return to Sony Music Entertainment
Sony Corporation of America and Bertelsmann announced on August 5, 2008 that Sony agreed to acquire Bertelsmann's 50% stake in Sony BMG. Sony completed its acquisition of Bertelsmann's 50% stake in the companies' joint venture on October 1, 2008.[16] The company, once again named Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (SME), became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony Corporation through its US subsidiary Sony Corporation of America.
Main divisions
The following are the main, standalone operating divisions of Sony Music Entertainment.
- Columbia/Epic Label Group
- RCA/Jive Label Group
- Sony Music Nashville
- Sony Masterworks
- Sony Music Latin
- Legacy Recordings
- Provident Label Group
- Columbia Records UK
- RCA Label Group (UK)
- Syco Music
- RED Distribution
Additional labels under each division are listed at Sony Music Entertainment labels.
Previously affiliated labels
- Def Jam Recordings (1985–1993)
- Loud Records (1999–2002)
- Chaos Recordings (1993–1995)
- The Work Group (1995–2000)
- Date Records
List of Sony Music Entertainment labels
Further information: List of Sony Music Entertainment labels
List of Sony Music Entertainment artists
Further information: List of Sony Music artists, List of Sony BMG Music Entertainment artists
See also
- Sony BMG
- Sony/ATV Music Publishing
- Sony Music Entertainment Japan
- Sony BMG CD copy protection scandal
- List of record labels
References
- ↑ http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/blog/eyeonasia/archives/2008/08/sony_bertelsman.html
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=rRd-DZ-eYGwC&pg=PA109&lpg=PA109&dq=wallerstein+%2B+%22rca+victor%22+%2B+paley&source=bl&ots=QDJ8YVEc34&sig=bqW0KJeULCVkmbqlIQFxXyc6jk0&hl=en&ei=Ue4QTLPqDp-QMpOcqaUD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=wallerstein%20%2B%20%22rca%20victor%22%20%2B%20paley&f=false
- ↑ http://rcs-discography.com/rcs/labels/d/d306.htm
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=fh0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=Philips+Columbia+Records&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Philips%20Columbia%20Records&f=false
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=eQsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA40&dq=%22CBS+Records%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22CBS%20Records%22&f=false
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=eQsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=%22CBS+Records%22+%2B+%22discos+columbia%22&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22CBS%20Records%22%20%2B%20%22discos%20columbia%22&f=false
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=0iAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3&dq=%22cbs+records%22+%2B+emi+%2B+oriole&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22cbs%20records%22%20%2B%20emi%20%2B%20oriole&f=false
- ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=0igEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10&dq=%22cbs+records%22+%2B+lieberson+%2B+1966&hl=en&ei=kNooTKC1K8yHnQfe6umoAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false
- ↑ "CBS/Sony Records is Established in First Round of Capital Deregulation". Sony Global. http://www.sony.net/Fun/SH/1-34/h1.html.
- ↑ ""CBS/Sony Inc."". New York Times. December 8, 1982. http://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/08/business/cbs-sony-inc.html. Retrieved 2009-07-20.
- ↑ "Rare Record Labels". Vinyl Record Collector's Guide. http://www.vinylrecords.ch/Labels/. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
- ↑ "List of selected Embassy releases". Discogs. http://www.discogs.com/label/Embassy. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
- ↑ "Embassy Records". Rate Your Music. http://rateyourmusic.com/label/embassy. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "CBS Records Changes Name". Reuters. October 16, 1990. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/16/business/cbs-records-changes-name.html. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
- ↑ http://www.stevehoffman.tv/forums/showthread.php?t=148350
- ↑ Nakashima, Ryan (October 14, 2008). "Sony BMG split-up gives Sony more options". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/oct/14/business/fi-sony14. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
External links
- Official site
- Yahoo! - Sony Music Entertainment Company Profile
- Sony Music Entertainment channel at YouTube
- Sony Music Entertainment at the Internet Movie Database
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